lake origin and classification

15 The simplest classification is the dimension of a lake. Rhode Island was not represented in the 814 lake NLA dataset. English descends most directly from the Britton Celts, and this group appears to use Name Lake nomenclature almost exclusively. The continental lake nomenclature relationships exhibited significant differences among ecoregions (Fig. The 11 major lake types are tectonic lakes, volcanic lakes, landslide lakes, gla… All single variable (lake area, latitude, state, longitude and ecoregion) logistic regression models predicting lake nomenclature were compared using the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc). Second, we conducted both backward and forward stepwise regression to assess all possible predictor combinations using stopping rules of minimum AICc or BIC (Bayesian information criterion), and the best model was again selected based on the lowest AICc. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds. 1, A Referenced Based Typology and Ecological Assessment System for Irish Lakes – Preliminary Investigations, The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia, The development of a GIS‐based inventory of standing waters in Great Britain together with a risk‐based prioritization protocol, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Survey design and extent estimates for the National Lakes Assessment, History of South Dakota: Fourth Edition, Revised, Lake shoreline in the contiguous United States: quantity, distribution and sensitivity to observation resolution. Origin c) Trophic levels a) Classification based on inflow-outflow Temporary and Permanent Lakes 1. The classic case in North America is the Laurentian Great Lakes, which all exhibit Lake Names. Pursuing other historical events, it appears that there were early appearances of the Spanish and French in the Carolinas as well (Edgar, 1998). The study of these lake basin features is known as . Next in line are Recreational Development lakes such as Chippewa and Lobster. It is a place to store every type of data in its native format with no fixed limits on account size or file. California and Florida have had a strong Spanish influence, which could help explain their use of Lake Name, as is used in that language. In contrast, Lake Name dominates 80% of lakes in Wales, where the Celtic form of ‘Llyn’ as lake is most commonly used. Our examination of lake nomenclature across the continental U.S.A. generally supported our hypotheses. Our final dataset consisted of 814 waterbodies named lakes. We investigated the nomenclature of lakes using the U.S. EPA National Lakes Assessment (NLA), a comprehensive survey of waterbodies in the contiguous U.S.A. in 2007. Ecoregions where Lake Name was more common were: Southern Florida Coastal Plain (XIII), Southern Coast Plain (XII) and Eastern Coastal Plains (XIV). Regardless of lake origin, we observed the same significant relationship between lake area and lake nomenclature. Freshwater lakesMost of the lakes in the world are freshwater lakes. The Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Salt Lake were excluded from the NLA sampling programme, as were waterbodies not classified as lakes (e.g., swamps) in the U.S. National Hydrography Dataset (NHD; Dewald, 2006). That Which We Call a Lake by Any Other Name, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Canada. We thank Philip Taylor of the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, for providing the U.K. 1969 Chardonnay first planted. Classification suggests that Lake surface area is indeed a major factor, promoting the use of Lake Name. The rationale for the naming of lakes has often puzzled limnologists. Salt LakesSalt Lake is an inland … To assess the nomenclature of U.S. lakes, we started with the full NLA dataset for 1157 lakes. Lake Classification Fact Sheet Series For years NR 115 (the rule that governs shoreline zoning) has been going through a public process for revision. In contrast, when Name Lake is used, terms for Lake include Broad, Flash, Mere, Mor, Pool, Tarn and Water. A closer examination of some state‐by‐state history may help explain the higher than expected use of the non‐English Lake Name format in certain states. Boxplots summarising the results of the logistic regressions for the relationships between lake nomenclature and lake (a) surface area, (b) longitude, (c) latitude and (d) maximum depth. Examining naming patterns by EPA ecoregion and by state revealed that Lake Names were more common in the southern states and along the eastern seaboard, regardless of their surface area. While we are not historians, we thought that general knowledge of settlement patterns by language or country of origin could be generally related, such as the southward and westward trends of non‐English immigration. As such, the Laurentian Great Lakes (Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario and Superior) serve as classic examples, although they were not included in our analyses. Our analysis of lake names assumed that lake nomenclature has not changed significantly over time. A lake is a large body of natural water accumulated in a depression. Aggregated together, Scotland, Ireland and Wales had up to an order of magnitude more Lake Names than Name Lakes (Table 2). Maryland, the heaviest user of Lake Names, was originally mapped by the 16th century Spanish Ajacán Mission, also serving as a refuge for some French‐speaking Acadians exiled from Canada in the 1750s (Griffiths, 1992), and for some religious refugees of the French Revolution. This lake has been monitored for water quality since 1984 (Wisconsin District Lake Studies Team, 2002). Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Why several parts of the Eastern seaboard – in particular, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Connecticut, as well as scattered states in the central U.S.A. – use Lake Name is less immediately clear. We thank the Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL) at UQAM for financing CCC's trip to Montréal to give a seminar, making the discussion possible. We decided to exclude data on other important limnological factors such as nutrient concentrations or transparency, as these factors may have changed since when the lakes were first named. 1) to assess whether there were regional differences in lake nomenclature. States using exclusively Name Lake were Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and West Virginia (Fig. About 100 lakes throughout the State have been monitored at this level by the USGS since mid-1980. Notable lakes with significant ice scouring in their origins include the Laurentian Great Lakes (Canada, USA), Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake (Canada), the fjord lakes in Norway, several lakes in the English Lake District (Figure 1), Lago Maggiore (Italy), Lac Leman (France, Switzerland), Lake Te Anau (New Zealand), and innumerable small lakes carved in the pre-Cambrian shield in Canada and … 4). Meanwhile, in eastern and more northern lakes, Name Lake should dominate. North American lakes in the U.S.A. (and Canada) do not have the naming consistency of lakes in England, Spain, France or Germany because of the mixed influence of these various countries with different conventions. Lakes are commonly classified based on their productivity. Finally, our expectation of lake name convention based on the origin of European settlement was largely substantiated by a comparison of lakes across Canada for which only name information by province was readily available. It eases errors corrections in a data analytics process from origin to destination. Interestingly, the relationship between lake area and lake name was stronger for the naturally formed lakes (χ2 = 34.21, P < 0.0001) than for man‐made lakes (χ2 = 10.34, P = 0.001), indicating that historical factors may play a role in lake nomenclature since natural lakes would have been named earlier than the more recently formed reservoirs. For all the U.K. lakes, we used the same criteria as for the U.S. lakes: i.e., waterbodies had to be >4 ha in size, with ponds and reservoirs excluded. The grinding weight and pressure of encroaching and retreating ice sheets carved many depressions in the Earth’s surface, where melting ice then collected to form lakes. We believe that our coarse analyses on lake naming patterns, as well as an examination of linguistic lineages, may provide insight into the observed geographical patterns and help explain why certain regions have a greater incidence of Lake Name. Because there were only two Irish lakes matching our criteria in the U.K. Lake Portal dataset, we used the List of loughs of Ireland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland; accessed 12 April 2016) for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Virginia was originally colonised by the Spanish (Weber, 1992; Adams, 2001) and later received French Huguenot settlers from Europe in the late 1600s and early 1700s (Hendricks, 2006). SOLUTION LAKES. In Ireland, lakes were almost exclusively referred to as Lough (with three exceptions) and 62.5% are of the type Lake Name. Given the increasing amount of lake information available in national databases (e.g., the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Lakes Assessment), the last time we embarked on this discussion with each other, it seemed a propitious moment to confront this question of lake nomenclature directly with data. However, our hope was that the NLA's randomised, stratified design across lake size classes, ecoregions, and states would provide a fair representation of major patterns. Final revisions may significantly change some of the information in these fact sheets. County Lake ID: City Name Basin Name: Alternative Name DNR Classification: County Classification City Classification: Aitkin 01020900 Cedar: Recreational Development Recreational Development: Aitkin 01014500 Chamberlin: Chamberline Natural Environment: Natural Environment Aitkin 01016400: Christmas Christman: Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. Of a list of 814 lakes with this binary nomenclature, almost 20% had a Lake Name, with the other 80% being a Name Lake. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world. … This appears to be partially related to lake size in these regions, as in the U.S.A., but also to the use of Lake Name in Gaelic and their related European languages. 1973 Len Evans, Australian Complete Book of Wine: "its influence and the quality of wine it … An interesting peripheral result of our examination of waterbodies in Great Britain and Ireland is that a wide variety of English and Celtic terms exist for lakes that may relate to their nomenclature order. 2c), and eastward (χ2 = 5.66, P = 0.02; Fig. If you are uncertain about the classification of a lake or river and the dimensional standards that apply, contact your local planning and zoning office. A Data Lake is a storage repository that can store large amount of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data. Thus, we hypothesised that the varied lake nomenclature across North America may also result from the languages of the different major colonising groups from Europe. Such terms do not appear to have not carried over to the naming of U.S. lakes, at least as can be inferred from the NLA waterbodies. Across Great Britain and Ireland, all lakes >1435 ha were Lake Name, regardless of which country the lakes were located. While each lake is unique and deserving of an individual management plan, it is impractical and unrealistic for broad units of government to strive to manage all lakes individually. There is, however, a lack of consensus on definitions used to distinguish between lakes and ponds. We explored potential drivers of lake nomenclature in the U.S.A. using data obtained from the NLA, focusing on variables that likely influenced a lake's naming convention. 1964 A-frame erected, later to become the vineyard logo. These results support the contention relating much of lake nomenclature to linguistic history, but that where linguistic flexibility occurs (Ireland, Scotland and Wales), lake size is also an important feature of naming patterns. The common notion is "basin.". When all potential logistic regression models were compared, the best model explaining lake nomenclature at the continental scale incorporated both ln‐transformed lake surface area and state predictor variables (Table 1). The waterbodies sampled were chosen in a randomised, stratified design to include coverage of waterbodies in five lake area categories (4–10 ha, >10–20 ha, >20–50 ha, >50–100 ha and >100 ha), 48 states and aggregated Omernik level III ecoregions (Peck et al., 2013). Importance of lake origin - hydrology (inputs,outputs) - basin shape - chemistry, inc. nutrients - age . Particularly in temperate zones, such conditions favour a plentiful oxygen content, and the lake is said to be oligotrophic. France was the first European nation to claim South Dakota and to send in explorers (Schell & Miller, 2004), later granting the territory to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau, the same treaty that ceded Louisiana (Francis, 2006). You can find lakes on any of the world’s continents. This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes. Proportion of lakes in an ecoregion with Lake Name (white) or Name Lake (grey). Unlike France and Spain, where Lake Name (Lac Nom or Lago Nombre, respectively), is always used due to linguistic convention, there was much more variability in lake nomenclature in Great Britain and Ireland. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between lake nomenclature (with 0 coded as Lake Name and 1 coded as Name Lake) and our driver variables at the continental scale. In addition to the continental analyses, we compared the prevalence of Lake Names versus Name Lakes among Level III EPA ecoregions and states (Fig. All waterbodies included in the NLA were permanent freshwater lakes, reservoirs or ponds with a surface area >4 ha and a maximum depth ≥1 m (Peck et al., 2013). Man‐made lakes (but not named Reservoirs, as these were excluded from the analyses) had to be very large (7700 km2) to have an equal probability of being called a Lake Name versus Name Lake, in comparison to naturally formed lakes, where the breakpoint occurred at a surface area of 351 km2. Lake Baikal Seal None of those states had many large lakes, as would be expected if their Lake Names were driven solely by size, so it is possible that subsequent migrations of settlers from countries where Romance languages or Gaelic were spoken (e.g., Irish potato famine migrants arriving in the mid 1800s) may have influenced lake naming convention. 1). "to play, sport," Old English lacan (see lark (n.2)). It was formed by tectonic activity. Even the frozen continent of Antarctica still has around 400 lakes in its warmer areas.Lakes are mostly found in George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903–1991) provided one of the most extensive surveys available on the origins of lake basins in the first chapter of his four-volume series, A Treatise on Limnology ( Hutchinson, 1957 ). The hypothesised relationship between lake nomenclature and U.S. settlement and colonisation history is more complicated, requiring a simultaneous understanding of settlement patterns by European colonists, as well as the hereditary relationships of the dominant immigrant languages. The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. There was a Germanic form of the PIE root which yielded Old Norse lögr "sea flood, water," Old English lacu "stream, pool, pond," lagu "sea flood, water, extent of the sea," leccan "to moisten" (see leak (v.)). Of the 1722 lakes on the Canadian list, 410 (24%) had a Lake Name and the remaining 1312 (76%) had a Name Lake, similar to the ratio observed in the NLA dataset. Generally, with the exception of Connecticut and Vermont, the other New England states (Maine, Massachusetts and New Hampshire) behaved as expected, with their waterbodies dominated by Name Lakes, as in England. (2006) meta‐analysis). Number of times cited according to CrossRef: What Is in a “Lake” Name? 1963 Cabernet planted by Max Lake’s family and friends. We note, however, that some lakes may have changed their nomenclature over time, as different waves of colonizers occupied the same regions, making definitive conclusions regarding the historical influences sometimes murky. Québec's high proportion of Lake Names in comparison to the other provinces dominated by English settlers further supports our colonisation hypothesis in another region of North America. For example, when we thought of lakes we knew of in francophone North America (i.e., Louisiana, Québec), it seemed that Lake Name was more common in those regions. Buy cheap generic drugs online. Of the 814 U.S. ‘lakes’, 379 (47%) were defined in the NLA as having a man‐made origin, and 435 were naturally formed. Interestingly, the parts of Great Britain and Ireland (Scotland, Wales and Ireland) where Gaelic origins are dominant also show a more varied form of lake syntax than does England. The patterns in English lake names remained to be verified, but as we listed the English lakes we knew, they mostly seemed to use Name Lake (including Windermere, for which ‘mere’ means inland sea, derived from the French ‘mer’). We are grateful to J.P. Doubek for his assistance in preparing the GIS map, and we thank the Starbucks on the corner of St. Denis and Ontario Streets in Montréal for providing the caffeine that fuelled our initial conversation about the intriguing case of lake nomenclature. We have not been immune to such discussions at various points in our careers. 1. Lake area was a significant predictor of a lake's name: as lakes increased in size, the likelihood of being called Lake Name significantly increased (predicted logit = −1.55(±0.10) + 0.29(±0.05) × ln (lake area); Χ2 = 43.06, P < 0.0001; Fig. lake morphology . Many waterbodies had to be excluded from the initial list of over 9000 in the U.K., as these represented dams, dykes, rivers, harbours and gravel pits. Of the remaining 1096 lakes with defined names, 814 were identified as lakes, 183 as reservoirs, 87 as ponds and 12 as other (Basin, Creek, Dam, Flowage, Hole, Marsh, River or Slough). Lake, any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Tadalafil cost in india. The total number of lakes, full ecoregion names and their locations are shown in Fig. Early History of the lake family. "body of water surrounded by land and filling a depression or basin," early 12c., from Old French lack (12c., Modern French lac) and directly from Latin lacus "pond, pool, lake," also "basin, tank, reservoir" (related to lacuna "hole, pit"), from PIE *laku- "body of water, lake, sea" (source also of Greek lakkos "pit, tank, pond," Old Church Slavonic loky "pool, puddle, cistern," Old Irish loch "lake, pond"). These states were largely settled by English colonists, and the lake naming convention likely followed the standards observed in their country of origin. Differences in state sizes and number of lakes per state likely account for some this variation. Lake – Classification of Lakes Lakes are among the most varied features of the earth’s surface. 1966 The first vintage, truly hand (and feet) made. e.g., endemic species . For example, the NLA dataset includes only a small subset of the U.S.'s six million lakes (Winslow et al., 2014), and we can think of lakes that could alter the patterns we observed to some degree: for example, two of New Hampshire's largest lakes, Lake Winnipesaukee and Lake Sunapee, which were not in the NLA dataset, do not follow the state's 100% Name Lakes pattern, owing potentially to their multi‐syllabic native name origins, which sound better to the ear when preceded by lake. "deep red coloring matter," 1610s, from French laque (15c., see lac), from which it was obtained. a body of (usually fresh) water surrounded by land, a purplish red pigment prepared from lac or cochineal, any of numerous bright translucent organic pigments. However, the case of Vermont does help further support our colonisation hypothesis: there was considerable immigration of francophones from Québec, Canada, through the (Lake) Champlain Valley that occurred in Vermont's early years, resulting in the state name of ‘Vert mont’ or Green Mountain. This problem is especially apparent in North America because the nomenclature of lakes across the continent appears to be variable, with ‘Name Lake’ occurring frequently, such as in Trout Lake, but also ‘Lake Name’, as in Lake Sunapee. We obtained data on lake nomenclature in Great Britain and Northern Ireland using data obtained on 31 March 2016 from the U.K. Hutchinson presented in it a comprehensive analysis of the origin of lakes and proposed what is a widely accepted classification of lakes according to their origin. A termination of many names of places and families, as Kerslake, Shiplake, Aslake, Timberlake, Westlake, Eastlake. Across the ecoregions, Name Lakes represented >75% of all waterbodies in the Western Forested Mountains (II), Mostly Glaciated Dairy Region (VII), Glaciated Upper Midwest and Northeast (VIII), Xeric West (III), South Central Cultivated Great Plains (V), Corn Belt and Northern Great Plains (VI), Willamette and Central Valleys (I), and Great Plains Grass and Shrublands (IV). Okauchee Lake in Waukesha County is an example of a lake in this study type with long-term data. Similarly, Missouri was originally called Haute‐Louisiane (Upper Louisiana) and is also well represented in use of Lake Name. This model had a lower AICc than all single variable models (i.e., lake area, latitude, state, longitude and ecoregion), regardless of whether minimum AICc or BIC stopping rules were implemented in the stepwise regressions. We conclude that there is evidence for lakes to have a Lake Name syntax in English when they have a larger surface area, or when they occur in a region where the Gaelic forms of English, as well as the Romance Languages, have had a significant influence. Louisiana, which was settled as a colony of France in the late 1600s before being ceded to Spain in 1763, is unsurprisingly also one of the heaviest users of Lake Name. We thank many supportive colleagues for initiating and contributing to the catalyst of this work. Generally, the early Celts consisted of two dominant language groups: Britton and Gaelic (McBain, 1911). Icag, territory or district. Tadalafil tablets 20 mg spc. Lakes such as Carlos and Miltona are in the General Development classification. Lake nomenclature in Great Britain and Ireland appears to be related to the etymology of the predominant languages spoken, despite the linguistic dilution that likely occurred through trade and invasions by other linguistic groups, including the Vikings, Romans, Saxons and Normans. The Lake family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. The most Lake families were found in the USA in 1880. Wular lake (Jammu & Kashmir) is the largest freshwater lake in India. Also, as we suspected, lake depth did not play a role in lake naming. Lakes can be classified in different ways, according to their geological origin, to their trophic state (see Trophic Lake Classification in the Encyclopedia), which is according to the biological status, according to the thermal regime (see Thermal Regime of Lakes and Stratification in Lakes), which is related to the climate, or according to the hydrological conditions relating to the character of the in- and outflows … Buy tadalafil in australia. In 1957, Hutchinson published a monograph that is regarded as a landmark discussion and classification of all major lake types, their origin, morphometric characteristics, and distribution. 16. Among U.S. states, we observed highly variable patterns (Fig. All four eastern states have a long history of English colonisation and were part of the original 13 English colonies, and hence, the dominance of Lake Name in those states is contradictory to our original hypotheses. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world. Interestingly, we found considerable geographical variation in the distribution of lake nomenclature at the ecoregion level, with Lake Name, when it was used, being done so predominantly in eastern and southern regions along the eastern seaboard, partially supporting our hypotheses. Regardless of lake origin, we observed the same significant relationship between lake area and lake nomenclature. Depending on its origin, a lake may occur anywhere within a river basin. Surface area and maximum depth were ln‐transformed to meet assumptions of normality and equal variance. The first element in a lake's origin is an environmental force and is the facet of its natural history most commonly used by scientists to guide the general classification of lake basins. 2a). The flow of a river is usually not straight but the river bends and meanders throughout … Fluvial lakes. Inclusion of these lakes would, thus, have reduced the apparent strict nomenclature concluded for New Hampshire based on colonisation, and instead follow the lake size pattern we also observed. While this list was not populated by lakes in a randomised, stratified design as done in the NLA and did not provide data on lake size, it provided a framework for estimating coarse lake nomenclature patterns in Canada. Lake Classification A lake’s ability to support plant and animal life defines its level of productivity, or trophic state. There were significant differences in naming convention among provinces (likelihood ratio test, χ2 = 439.84, P < 0.0001), which was largely driven by French‐speaking Québec, where 89% of the lakes had a Lake Name. Formed by dissolution of soluble rock (often limestone) by percolating water. The colony's name later stuck when the conveniently named King Charles I of England took over in 1629. We had to exclude 61 of these lakes because no names were listed, or only a proper name was listed without specifying the order of ‘lake’ and the name of waterbody. By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, The Best and Worst Country in the World: Perspectives on the Early Virginia Landscape, Applications of the NHD at the U.S. environmental protection agency, The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments, Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History, Vol. By water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail Britton and Gaelic ( McBain, )! Origin, a lack of consensus on definitions used to distinguish between lakes and ponds as the U.S. National. N.2 ) ) a major factor, promoting the use of the lakes in this study type with long-term.... 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